Hardware => Operating system => Application OS Provide - Hardware Abstraction - Resource management Abstraction: B/W Application and hardware - Easy program writing - Reusable functionality - Portable Resource management - Multiple app but limited resource - Manage CPU, Memory, Network, Secondary Memory etc --------------- CPU Each have a unique address - Memory addrs - IO Addrs - Memory Mapped IO addrs Memory addrs 32 bit process Range: 0- 2^32-1 ---------------- Process Stack Heap Data Text System call use to access resources of kernel mode ------------------ Sharing the CPU - Multi-programming and multi-tasking - Sharing in multi-processor environments * Race conditions and synchronization * Scheduling * Isolation of the OS and user programs * Security mechanisms * Access control * Security assessment ------------------- CPU Vs RAM - RAM hold data CPU compute on data Memory Management - Fragmentation: Und...